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1.10 Interpret and communicate information using frequency polygons

preliminary
Statistics: industry of mathematics that deals with collecting, organizing and analyzing numerical data and helps solve problems such as design of experiments and decisions. Comes from the Latin staticus , which means "state", since their first steps were always associated with government operations, this in turn comes from the Greek statera which means "balance."

Since the beginning of civilization have been simple statistical forms, as already used illustrations and other symbols in furs, rocks, wooden sticks and cave walls to count the number of people, animals or things. By 3000 BC the Babylonians used small clay tablets to collect data on agricultural production and the goods sold or exchanged through barter. XXXI century BC, long before the pyramids, the Egyptians analyzed data from population and income in the country.

The biblical books of Numbers and Chronicles include in parts, labor statistics. The first contains two censuses of the population of Israel and the second describes the material welfare of the various Jewish tribes.

in China were similar numerical records prior to 2000 BC The ancient Greeks performed censuses whose information was used to the 594 BC to collect taxes.

The abacus comes from the need for accurate statistics for the Chinese

The Roman Empire was the first government that collects a large amount of data on population, area and rent of all territories under their control include the trip they had to make Mary and Joseph to Bethlehem for a census count.

Ascolli Bronze Art: Squadron recruited 30 riders Iberian Salduie (Zaragoza) by the Roman army during the war between Rome with his Italian allies (1991-1989 BC). The statistics of everything that made the service of empire are there.

During the Middle Ages were only a few comprehensive surveys in Europe. Caloringios kings Pepin and Charlemagne ordered to do careful studies of church property in the years 758 and 762 respectively. After the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, King William I of England commissioned a census. The information obtained from this census, conducted in 1086, is included in the Domesday Book.

It also means that the Aztecs and other indigenous groups developed activities census before the discovery of America, in order to know the number of people within its territory.

Statistical as a tribute to the Aztecs.

The registration of births and deaths began in England in the early sixteenth century, and in 1662 came the first significant statistical study population entitled Observations on the London Bills of Mortality ( Comments on the death certificates in London ) written by John Gaunt. A similar study on the mortality rate in the city of Breslau, Germany, conducted in 1691, was used by the English astronomer Edmund Halley as the basis for the first mortality table. In the nineteenth century with the spread of the scientific method to study all the phenomena of natural and social sciences, researchers accepted the need to reduce the information into numerical values \u200b\u200bto avoid ambiguity of the descriptions verbal.

scientist Birth Lamark, France, 1744

Today, statistics has become an effective method to accurately describe the values \u200b\u200bof economic, political, social, psychological, biological or physical, and serves as a tool to correlate and analyze data. The statistical expert's work no longer consists only in collecting and tabulating data, but above all in the process of "interpretation" of that information.

Key Concepts

Raw Data
Latin name for a group of data that has not yet been tested, and which will work to find matches and rules that affect them.


Arrangements rectangular tables that organize the information regarding a particular characteristic. Each column or row is a specific feature of the analyzed information. They are generally used information numbers or short (yes / no, true / false).

Some of its main characteristics are presented in columns:

- Category : The main aspect we are studying, it is usually the first column and never receives the name of "category" in the table, but put the issue to be studied (eg.: Qualification, Liter, Price, Students, Name, etc.).
- Absolute Frequency: The number of times each category is repeated in the raw data.

- Relative Frequency: The ratio of the absolute frequency of this data and total data can be presented in decimal (always less than 1) or percentage. Charts



visual representation of data in a table to better understand how they relate to these data.

The main types of graphs are:
- Polygonal : Line segment connecting the different values, drawing an irregular polygon (origin of name).

- Bar : Instead of connecting with each other, the value is connected vertically or horizontally with the axis of reference. So that they can compare various quantities.

- Pictogram : Derivation of the bar graph, only instead a continuous bar drawings get accumulated. If necessary, split the drawings for a more accurate representation.

- Circular or Cake: This chart is the only one not based on Cartesian coordinates, but from the total data represented by a full circle of 360 degrees, each category being represented in frequency relative to the total data.